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第10讲 · 背诵讲义 —— 现在完成时

一、现在完成时 · 小结
现在完成时用 have / has + 过去分词,把「过去发生的事」和现在连起来说。常见两条意义:①影响现在的结果(已经做完 / 丢了钥匙所以进不去等);②从过去持续到现在的状态或经历(住了几年、认识多久、做过几次等)。表达时常配合 already, yet, just, ever, never 等标志词,用 for + 时长since + 起点说明长度与起点;若句中出现 yesterday, last…, …ago 等「钉在过去」的时间,一般改用一般过去时。表示「借多久、买后拥有多久」等延续义时,要注意延续动词(如 borrow→keep, buy→have)与时段的搭配。

二、学习的作用与意义
掌握现在完成时,有助于在阅读与完形中快速识别「到现在为止」的语气,在写作与口语中准确交代经历、变化与时长,避免把「昨天做完」写成 have finished yesterday 这类典型错句。它与七至九年级教材中「个人经历、校园生活、环保志愿、家乡变化」等话题高度契合,也是中考里时态辨析、语篇填空、完成句子的高频考点。学好这一时态,本质是在培养「先找时间证据,再选谓语形式」的英语思维习惯。

模块一 · 核心结构 分层

第三人称单数用 has,其余人称用 have;过去分词(p.p.)可对照不规则表(模块九)。

肯定:主语 + have/has + p.p. + 其他.
否定:主语 + have/has + not + p.p. + 其他.
疑问:Have/Has + 主语 + p.p. + 其他 ?

简单

I have finished my homework.

我已经完成作业。(结果影响现在:可以去玩了)

She has not called back yet.

她还没回电话。(否定 + yet)

中等

Have you read the new school notice?

你读过新的校务通知了吗?(经历 / 完成与否)

We have known each other since Grade 7.

我们从七年级就互相认识。(从过去持续到现在)

挑战

Neither of the twins has handed in the form yet.

两个双胞胎都还没交表。(neither + 复数名词,谓语常用单数 has)

Has your team posted the poster on the website yet?

你们队已经把海报发到网站上了吗?(Has…yet?)

模块二 · 两大意义 分层

A 影响现在:过去动作的结果「留到现在」;B 持续到现在:从过去某时开始一直持续,常与 for/since 连用。

简单

I have lost my key. I can’t open the door.

我把钥匙弄丢了,所以现在打不开门。(结果)

We have lived here for five years.

我们在这儿住了五年了。(持续 + for)

中等

She has passed the interview, so she looks relaxed.

她已通过面试,所以现在看起来很放松。(结果)

He has been a volunteer since March.

他从三月以来一直是志愿者。(状态持续 + since)

挑战

The city has built two new libraries, so students have more reading space.

这座城市已建了两座新图书馆,因此学生有更多阅读空间。(变化 + 结果)

Scientists say the river has become cleaner since last year.

科学家说自去年以来这条河变得更干净了。(变化趋势)

模块三 · 标志词 already / yet / just / ever / never 分层

常见位置 / 语气提示
already肯定句;中位或末位「已经」
yet否定 / 疑问句末「还/尚」
justhave/has 后「刚刚」
everHave you ever…?「曾经」问经历
neverhave/has 与 p.p. 之间「从未」
简单

I have already packed my schoolbag.

我已经收拾好书包了。

We haven’t decided the title yet.

我们还没定下标题。

中等

Have you ever tried posting a short English video?

你曾经试过发一条短的英语视频吗?

He has just left for the train station.

他刚动身去火车站了。

挑战

I have never regretted joining the English drama club.

我从不后悔加入英语戏剧社。(情感态度 + never)

Has she uploaded the slides to the shared folder yet?

她把幻灯片传到共享文件夹了吗?

模块四 · for / since / How long 分层

for + 一段时长(two years / three months)· since + 起点(2020 / last Monday / 从句)· How long 问「多久」常与延续性表达连用。

for two weeks since 2021 since we met yesterday / last year / … ago → 一般过去
简单

I have studied English for six years.

我学英语六年了。

We have waited for twenty minutes.

我们已经等了二十分钟。

中等

She has taught in this school since 2019.

她从 2019 年起在这所学校任教。

How long have you had this library card?

你办这张借书卡多久了?

挑战

We have shared a desk since we entered this class.

自从进入这个班,我们一直同桌。(since 从句)

The club has raised money for three weeks, and the sale ends on Friday.

社团筹款已经三周了,义卖周五结束。(段时长 + 截止信息)

模块五 · 现在完成时 vs 一般过去时 分层

先圈「时间词」:钉在过去 → 常选一般过去;到现在为止 / 经历次数 / 无具体过去年 → 常选现在完成。

简单

I finished my diary yesterday.

我昨天写完日记。(yesterday → 过去)

I have finished my diary. I can hand it in now.

我已经写完日记了,现在可以交。(结果)

中等

They watched the live show at nine last night.

他们昨晚九点看了直播。(具体过去时刻)

They have watched this documentary twice so far.

这部纪录片他们到目前为止看了两遍。(经历次数)

挑战

Have you seen the new lab? — Yes. I saw it on Monday.

—你见过新实验室吗?—见过,我周一看的。(经历 vs 具体时间)

错句诊所:× I have finished it yesterday. → 应改为 I finished it yesterday.

模块六 · 延续动词(borrow→keep, buy→have, open→be open)分层

瞬间动词表「动作一下」不宜直接接 for two weeks 表时长;要改成「状态可以延续」的说法。

简单

He has kept this book for ten days.

这本书他借了十天了(仍持有)。

We have had this tent since last summer.

自从去年夏天我们就拥有这顶帐篷了。

中等

The shop has been open for two hours — it closes at six.

店已经开了两小时了——六点关门。(营业状态)

挑战

How long have you kept the reference book? You should return it on time.

这本参考书你借了多久了?要按时归还。(How long + keep)

专题 · 家国情怀与新时代中国(现在完成时 · 分层例句)

下列句子均为课堂原创语境,可与德育、综合实践、时事阅读结合;写读后感时注意时态与时间状语一致

主题提示:爱国爱乡、科教兴国、乡村振兴、绿色发展、文化自信、志愿服务、共同富裕路上的身边变化。

简单

I have already visited the city museum about our national heroes.

我已经参观过讲述民族英雄事迹的市博物馆。(爱国主义教育)

Our village has had clean tap water for two years.

我们村通上洁净自来水已经两年了。(民生与乡村变化)

中等

Our county has opened a new high-speed rail station since last year.

我县自去年起开通了新的高铁站。(交通强国、县域发展)

China has shared several live science classes from the space station with schools in recent years.

近年来,中国多次把空间站上的科学直播课送进校园。(科技强国、科普育人)

Our school has raised books for village reading rooms for two months.

我校为乡村阅览室募集图书已经两个月。(书香社会、教育关爱)

挑战

Many student volunteers have taught left-behind children English in rural towns since last winter.

自去年冬以来,许多学生志愿者在乡镇为留守儿童教英语。(志愿服务、教育公平)

New-energy buses have changed daily travel in our city for three years.

新能源公交车三年来已悄悄改变我们城市的日常出行。(绿色低碳、美丽中国)

We have never forgotten why we study hard — for our family and for our country.

我们从未忘记为何而努力学习:为家庭,也为国家。(家国情怀 · 价值引领)

模块七 · 黄金背诵句(带朗读)必背

课堂要求:至少背熟前 6 句;下方「家国 · 发展」句选背 2~4 句;学优生全背并仿写同结构一句。

I have already finished my homework, so I can help you with English.

我已经写完作业了,所以可以帮你学英语。

We have not decided the route yet, but we will leave soon.

我们还没定下路线,但很快就要出发。

Have you ever tried the school English corner on Friday afternoons?

你试过周五下午的校园英语角吗?

Our club has planted over three hundred trees since March.

我们的社团自三月以来已经种了三百多棵树。

I have studied English for six years, and I still want to improve my speaking.

我学英语六年了,仍然想提高口语。

They watched the match live on TV at nine last night.

他们昨晚九点在电视上看了比赛直播。(对照:过去)

Neither of them has replied to the email yet.

他们俩都还没回复这封邮件。

Tom has kept this novel for ten days — he must return it on time.

汤姆借这本小说十天了——他必须按时归还。

以下为「家国 · 发展」黄金句(选背 2~4 句,可与专题块对照)。

I am proud that my hometown has built a new library for children in the countryside.

我为家乡为农村孩子建起新图书馆而感到自豪。(乡村振兴、文化惠民)

High-speed rail has made family visits much easier for people in our province.

高铁让我们省里人们的探亲出行方便多了。(区域协调、民生福祉)

Our team has given five public talks on saving energy and cutting waste this term.

本学期我们小组已做五场节约能源、减少浪费的宣讲。(生态文明、少年担当)

Traditional paper-cutting has returned to our community centre, and I have learned six patterns so far.

剪纸回到了社区活动中心,到目前为止我已经学会六种花样。(文化自信、非遗进社区)

模块八 · 动笔区(分层 · 课上或回家写)

A 基础:用 have/has + p.p. 完成:I ________ (finish) my poster. She ________ (not call) back ________ (yet).
B 提高:中译英:「自从七年级以来,他一直是我们的班长。」(提示:since Grade 7 / monitor)
B+ 家国与时代:中译英:「近年来,我的家乡建起了县域高铁站,出行方便多了。」(提示:in recent years / high-speed rail station / county)
C 拓展:用两句英语描述同一件事:一句用 yesterday(一般过去),一句用 so far(现在完成),主题自选(学习 / 环保 / 运动)。
C+ 价值表达:用现在完成时写两句英语:① 你为集体或社区做过的一件有意义的事;② 你为祖国或家乡的发展感到骄傲的一点(可写科技、生态、文化等)。

模块九 · 不规则动词表

动词原形 动词过去式 动词过去分词
场景解释(中文) 过去时对话例句 现在完成时对话例句
若本行未替换为词表,请确认 ./assets/js/l10-verb-pdf.js 能正常加载。
终极护身口诀:先圈时间词,再选时态;for 段、since 点;延续用 keep/have/be open;yesterday 别跟 have done 走。