第14讲 · 被动语态 · 背诵讲义
be + 过去分词 · 现在/过去/情态/将来/完成 · 打印 A4
① 构成 · be + 过去分词
拓展记忆：情态/将来被动里的 be 用原形（should be / will be）；现在完成被动里的 been 是 be 的过去分词（has been / have been）。
| 时态 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | am/is/are + done | Sky lanterns are made of bamboo. |
| 一般过去 | was/were + done | The telephone was invented in 1876. |
| 情态 | 情态 + be + done | Teens should be allowed to choose clothes. |
| 一般将来 | will be + done | The bridge will be built next year. |
| 现在完成 | have/has been + done | Homework has been finished. |
红线：被动 = be + 过去分词，不是原形，也不是 V-ing。✗ is make → ✓ is made；✗ will built → ✓ will be built；✗ has finished（被动）→ ✓ has been finished
② 意义 · 承受者作主语
强调动作落在谁身上、结果、地点或规则；施事者（谁做的）常省略，确需说明时用 by 引出。
- They make phones. → Phones are made.（主动 ↔ 被动）
- They are made in China.（强调产地）
- The air is badly polluted.
③ 主动 → 被动 · 四步
- 找出主动句宾语（承受者）
- 宾语 → 被动句主语
- 动词 → be + 过去分词（be 随新主语变化）
- 原主语 → by + … 或省略
本四步先用于一般现在/过去被动；遇到情态、将来、完成时，要保留对应结构：should be / will be / has been + done。
| 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|
| They make kites by hand. | Kites are made by hand. |
| George Crum invented potato chips. | Potato chips were invented by George Crum. |
| Bell invented the telephone. | The telephone was invented by Bell. |
④ by 短语 · 何时省略
- The telephone was invented by Bell.（指明发明者）
- This ring was made in Thailand.（产地 → in，无 by）
- Kites are made by hand.（by hand 表方式：手工制作，不是“由手发明”）
⑤ 过去时被动 · was / were + done
问时间：When was … invented? — It was invented in …
- When was the telephone invented?
- Potato chips were invented by mistake in 1853.
- The telephone was invented in 1876.
- Basketball was invented by James Naismith.
⑥ 情态被动 · should be allowed to
- Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
- Sixteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive.
- Should teens be allowed to work on weekends?
⑦ made of / from / in
| 介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| made of | 看得出原材料 | Shirts are made of cotton. |
| made from | 形态变化明显 | Wine is made from grapes. |
| made in | 产地/地点 | They are made in China. |
⑧ 一般将来被动 · will be + done
问时间：When will … be …? — It will be … next year / in September.
- The bridge will be built next year.
- More trees will be planted next spring.
- The work won't be finished today.
- When will the new school be opened?
⑨ 现在完成被动 · have/has been + done
already / yet：强调与现在有联系的结果。
- Homework has been finished.
- The work has not been finished yet.
- Has the classroom been cleaned yet?
- Many trees have been planted this year.
⑩ 易错红线
- 漏 be：✗ The tea grown → ✓ The tea is grown
- be 与主语不一致：✗ Shirts is made → ✓ Shirts are made
- 用原形/过去式：✗ is make → ✓ is made
- made of China → ✓ made in China
- 情态后漏 be：✗ should allowed → ✓ should be allowed
- 完成被动漏 been：✗ has finished（被动）→ ✓ has been finished
- 将来被动漏 be：✗ will built → ✓ will be built
⑪ 默写线
看中文写英文；写不出先看本页公式，再回 Page 02～03 复习构成与转换，回 Page 12 复习将来/完成。
1. 天灯由竹子和纸制成。
2. 薯片是偶然发明的。
3. 电话于 1876 年被发明。
4. 青少年应被允许选自己的衣服。
5. 大城市空气被严重污染。
6. 桥将于明年被建好。
7. 作业已经被做完。
8. 这些风筝是在潍坊手工制作的。
9. 这个工作今天不会被完成。
⑫ 口诀
承受者作主语，be 随主语变，动词用过去分词；by 表施事可省略；情态后接 be done；将来 will be done；完成 have/has been done。
背诵出口：能默写 5 个基础句 + 2 个拓展句；能说清 of/from/in 与 by 的区别；能指出 will be 与 has been 中的 be/been 不能省。
故事 A · 传统手工艺
- Sky lanterns are made of bamboo and covered with paper.天灯由竹子和纸制成。
- Paper is folded before it is cut with scissors.纸先被折好，再被剪出图案。
- Clay is shaped by hand and fired at high heat.泥塑被手工塑形后高温烧制。
故事 B · 发明馆
- When was the telephone invented? It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.电话何时被发明？1876年由贝尔发明。
- Potato chips were invented by mistake in 1853.薯片于1853年偶然发明。
- Printing was invented in China long ago.印刷术很早在中国发明。
故事 C · 规则辩论
- Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.青少年应被允许选自己的衣服。
- I do not think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive.我认为16岁少年不应被允许开车。
- Peter should be allowed to take the test later.应允许彼得晚些参加考试。
故事 D · 校园计划与完成
- The bridge will be built next year. More trees will be planted next spring.桥明年将被建好；明年春天将种更多树。
- Homework has been finished. The letter has already been sent.作业已做完；信已经寄出。
- Many trees have been planted this year. Has the classroom been cleaned yet?今年已种许多树；教室打扫了吗？