定语从句 Steven's Class
本讲目录

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Steven's Class

Relative Clauses

定语从句

先行词 · who / whom / which / that · whose · 介词+which · when / where · 限制/非限制

① 定语从句是什么 · 融合四步法

学习路径：背清四步法与先行词 → 精读②③④引导词 → 对照⑤总表 → 熟读⑥语料 → 完成⑨⑩默写 → 对照⑪口诀。

定语从句 = 形容词性从句：放在名词（先行词）后面，补充说明「是哪一个 / 什么样的」。与宾语从句不同：定语从句修饰名词，关系词紧跟先行词。

  1. 找共同名词（先行词 antecedent）
  2. 写主句到先行词为止
  3. 在先行词后写从句；删去从句中与先行词重复的人/物
  4. 用关系词（who / whom / which / that …）替换被删去的人/物，关系词紧挨先行词

骨架示例

  • 两句：The man is my father. + He is waiting at the gate.
  • 合并：The man who is waiting at the gate is my father.
  • 两句：The teacher is experienced. + We met the teacher yesterday.
  • 合并：The teacher whom we met yesterday is very experienced.

② who / whom（指人）

who · 从句中作主语

从句里缺的是「人 + 做动作的人」→ 用 who

  • The man who is waiting at the gate is my father.
  • People who are exposed to too much stress may get ill.
  • I still remember the teacher who always encouraged me.
  • Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
whom · 从句中作宾语

从句里「人」作动词/介词的宾语 → 用 whom；whom 必须紧接先行词

  • The student whom the teacher likes very much is feeling sick.
  • The teacher whom we met yesterday is very experienced.
  • ✗ The student the teacher likes whom …（whom 不能放在句末当宾语标记）
  • 口语/部分考试：who 代 whom 作宾语也常见

八九年级重点：who = 人 + 主语；whom = 人 + 宾语 + 紧跟先行词。先判断从句里关系词担任的成分，再选词。

③ which / that（指物）· whose（所属）

which / that · 指物

which / that 可作主语或宾语；限制性定语从句中 that 常可换 which

  • Harry Potter is a film which tells the story of a young wizard.
  • The building that stands at the corner is a hotel.
  • The pen which I bought yesterday was broken.
  • The novel which you recommended is fascinating.
whose · 表所属

= …的（人/物均可）；后接名词

  • The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
  • This is the school whose library is open on weekends.
  • ✗ who father → ✓ whose father

which 在从句中的成分

成分例句说明
主语 The match which took place yesterday was exciting. which 后接谓语，不能再缺主语
宾语 The pen which I bought yesterday … which 作 bought 的宾语，可省略（口语）
选词 人 → who / whom；物 → which / that；所属 → whose

④ 介词 + which · when · where

先行词在从句中作状语时，介词与先行词构成义群（on the day / in the space），不可拆开 → 介词与 which 一起移到先行词后。

时间 · prep. + which → when
  • on that day → on which / when
  • I will never forget the day when I gave a speech.
  • High school is a period during which we grow rapidly.
  • The graduation day on which we say goodbye is coming.
  • Lack of sleep is the reason for which many teens feel tired.
地点 · prep. + which → where
  • in this space → in which / where
  • The library is a quiet space where we can focus on study.
  • Our school provides a stage where we can show our talents.
  • The stadium in which we used to play has been rebuilt.
  • The moment at which we won the championship was exciting.

when / where 作关系副词，从句中不再出现时间/地点状语；若保留介词短语，则用 prep. + which，不用 when/where 叠床。

⑤ 引导词速查总表

关系词先行词在从句中记忆
who 人 主语 who 当「主」
whom 人 宾语 whom 紧跟先行词
which / that 物（人也可 that） 主语 / 宾语 which 指物
whose 人 / 物 定语（+ 名词） whose = …的
prep. + which 时间 / 地点 / 原因 状语 介词不拆开
when 时间名词 时间状语 = 时间 prep.+which
where 地点名词 地点状语 = 地点 prep.+which

与宾语从句区分：定语从句修饰名词，关系词在名词后；宾语从句作动词宾语，语序为陈述语序（见 L12 讲义）。

⑥ 实用语料库（口语 · 写作 · 本讲话题）

建议抄 8～10 句进积累本；写作中用于人物描写、场景、议论文举例。

口语人物 · 校园
  • The student who won the physics prize is my deskmate.
  • Anyone who wants to join the club should sign up today.
  • The volunteers whom we thanked were very friendly.
写作事物 · 阅读
  • The book which changed my view of science is A Brief History of Time.
  • The science fiction novel which you recommended is fascinating.
  • The exam that we took last week was not too hard.
写作时间 · 地点
  • I will never forget the day when our class won first place.
  • Our high school provides a stage where we can pursue our passions.
  • The old stadium in which we played football has been rebuilt.
健康 · 科技 · 环保
  • People who sleep less than six hours may feel tired in class.
  • The reason for which we recycle is to protect the environment.
  • AI tools that help us learn English are becoming popular.

⑦ 易错红线 · 10 条

  1. The man which is waiting… → The man who is waiting…（人不用 which）
  2. The book who I like… → The book which I like…
  3. The student the teacher likes whom… → The student whom the teacher likes…
  4. The day which I gave a speech（缺介词）→ the day when … / on which …
  5. The place which we live in it → The place where we live（where 后不再加 in it）
  6. The reason why … for which 叠用 → 二选一：why 或 for which
  7. 定语从句用陈述语序，不倒装：who is the man → who helps us
  8. ✗ whose + 动词 → ✓ whose + 名词
  9. 混淆宾从：I know the boy who he is → I know the boy who helped me
  10. 关系词后重复先行词：✗ the book which it … → ✓ the book which …
写作自检：① 先行词是人是物？② 关系词在从句中作主/宾/状？③ whom / prep.+which 是否紧跟先行词？

⑧ 测前自检清单

  1. 能否用四步法把两句话合成带定语从句的一句？
  2. 指人：从句缺主语 → who；缺宾语 → whom（紧跟先行词）。
  3. 指物：which / that；所属 → whose + 名词。
  4. 时间/地点状语：介词不拆开 → prep. + which；或 when / where。
  5. 能区分定语从句（修饰名词）与宾语从句（作动词宾语）。
  6. 辨错题：标出先行词、关系词、从句语序、介词位置。
  7. 合并句练习：先划共同名词，再写关系词。
  8. 阅读：圈关系词，回指找先行词，理解修饰对象。

⑨ 默写区（英译汉 · 6 句）

1. The man who is waiting at the gate is my father.
2. The teacher whom we met yesterday is very experienced.
3. The science fiction novel which you recommended is extremely fascinating.
4. I will never forget the day when I gave a speech in front of the whole school.
5. Our high school provides a broad stage where we can pursue our true passions.
6. The student who won the first prize in the physics competition is my deskmate.

⑩ 默写区（汉译英 · 6 句）

1. 在校门口等候的那位男士是我父亲。（who）
2. 我们昨天见到的那位老师很有经验。（whom）
3. 你推荐的那本科幻小说非常精彩。（which）
4. 我永远不会忘记我在全校面前演讲的那一天。（when）
5. 我们学校为我们提供了一个可以展示才华的优秀平台。（where 或 prep.+which）
6. 物理竞赛得一等奖的那位同学是我的同桌。（who）

背诵口诀 · 一页收束

先行词在前，关系词紧跟；
who 主 whom 宾，which 指物 that 也通行；
whose 表所属，后面名词不能丢；
介词不拆开，prep.+which 成一家；
时间 when 地点 where，定语从句不会慌。

定语从句