宾语从句

① 三要素速记总表

学习路径：背清三要素 → 精读②③时态表 → 熟读④语料 → 对照⑤易错要点 → 完成⑦⑧默写 → 对照⑨口诀自测。

宾语从句做题三问：①缺什么信息→选引导词；②从句是否「陈述语序」；③主从时态是否呼应（+ 是否客观真理）。下面按「要素 → 规则 → 正误对照」铺开，可与本讲前几课课件交叉背诵。

要素一 · 引导词

按「从句里缺不缺成分、缺哪一类信息」选词，而不是按中文句尾有没有问号。

that：从句本身是完整陈述（主谓宾齐全），只「打包」进主句。think / believe / know / hope / say / agree / hear / see / find / show… + (that) + 主 + 谓。that 常可省，但两个宾从并列时，第二个 that 建议保留以便看清层次。
wh-：从句里缺一个信息位——what（物/内容）who（人，作主语）whose（谁的）which（哪一个）where / when / why / how…；how long / how often / how far / how soon 等也属 wh- 类。
if / whether：对应中文「是否」，从句仍是陈述语序。whether … or not、介词后（depend on / talk about）、whether to do、动词 discuss（不再加 about）等 → 优先 whether。
that ≠ whether：He said that he was tired.（陈述）≠ He asked if / whether he was tired.（疑问意义「是否」）
what ≠ that：缺「说的内容/事情」用 what：I don’t know what he said.；已知是陈述事实用 that：I know that he is honest.

要素二 · 陈述语序

从句内部 = 「引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其余」，绝不再写成一般疑问倒装。

外壳动词：Could you tell me… / Do you know… / I wonder… / Please tell me… / Would you mind telling me… + 宾从。
正：Could you tell me where the station is? / … how I can get there? / … whether the ticket office is still open?
错：where is the station / how can I get there / whether is the ticket office open（错在疑问语序）。
wh- 在从句中作主语时，语序本来就「像陈述」：Could you tell me who will help us? / I don’t know what happened.（不要写成 who will help us 以外的倒装）
插入语、否定仍放在主语前后正常位置：I don’t know why he didn’t come.

要素三 · 时态呼应

看主句谓语时间 + 从句描述的是不是「永远对的规律」。

主句现在（He says / thinks…）：从句按实际时间选时态，不必为「呼应」硬改：He says (that) he is busy. / He says (that) he will come.
主句过去（said / told / asked…）：从句谓语常退一步（详见本讲义 ③ 表 A）：He said (that) he was busy. / She said (that) she would help me.
客观真理 / 谚语 / 相对不变规律：转述时常仍用现在时：The teacher said (that) the earth goes round the sun.
与状语从句区分：「主将从现」多出现在 if / when 引导的状语从句里；宾语从句里 if 常表「是否」，时态按上面三条处理。
否定转移时：从句里常用肯定式表否定含义，时态仍按「实际时间」选：I don't think (that) he will come.（避免 don't think 与 won't 重复叠加）

高频搭配 · say / tell / ask

say：say (that)… / say to sb (that)…；不说 say me that…。
tell：tell sb (that)… / tell sb wh-…；须带人作宾语：Tell me whether…
ask：ask sb if / whether… / ask sb wh-…；ask if 表「是否」，不是「如果」（条件状语另讲）。

报道壳 · It is … that

It is said / reported / believed / hoped… that + 陈述从句；that 在此类结构中不要省，避免与形式主语结构混淆。
辨错：不说 It hopes that… → 用 It is hoped that… 或 People hope that…。

② 否定转移 · 反意疑问（think / believe + 宾从）

否定转移（Negation transfer）

中文常说「我认为他不……」，英语里更自然的常式是：I don't think / believe / suppose (that) + 肯定式从句。

正：I don't think (that) he will come tonight.（≈ 我认为他今晚不来）
另说亦可：I think (that) he won't come tonight.（语气略直；练习中常优先否定转移句式）
慎防双否绕晕：I don't think he won't come.（易与真实意图不符）

反意疑问（Tag question）

主句为 I don't think + 宾从 时，尾巴多问从句里的主谓命题。

I don't think he is right, is he?
I don't believe she can finish it alone, can she?
无主句否定时：She believes (that) you can pass, can't you?（问从句里的 you can）
易错：… isn't he? / … don't I?（按本讲要求判错）

速查表 · 反意疑问「跟谁走」

结构	尾巴常跟谁	例
I don't think + that + 从句	随从句命题	… he is right, is he?
I think + that + 从句（无转移）	多随从句命题	… he is right, isn't he?
She believes + that you can…	随从句里情态	… you can pass, can't you?

③ 时态后退（转述）扩展表

前提：主句谓语为过去时（said / told / asked…），宾语从句常「退一步」；若主句是现在时（He says / I don't think…），从句时态多按实际时间选，不必为「呼应」硬改。下列为常见时态对照。

表 A · 从句谓语（直接引语 → 间接引语）

直接引语里	间接引语里（主句为过去时）	备注 / 例意
am / is / are	was / were	状态与性质随人称、单复数变化
am / is / are + doing	was / were + doing	She said she was reading a novel then.
do / does	did	一般现在 → 一般过去
did（过去事实）	had + p.p.（先于 said）	He said he had finished lunch before class.（午饭在 said 之前）
will / shall	would	过去将来；表「意愿」时常用 would
be going to	was / were going to	计划、打算在后移时整体后退
can	could	能力 / 许可语气后退
may	might	书面推测更常见 might
must（必须）	had to	客观「不得不」；否定 must not 表禁止时多保留或改写为 wasn’t allowed to
have / has + p.p.	had + p.p.	「已经」先于 said，常用过去完成
客观真理 / 谚语 / 相对不变的规律	常仍用现在时	He said (that) the moon moves round the earth. / … practice makes perfect.

表 B · 指示词与时间状语（直接引语环境 → 转述环境）

直接引语里常说	转述中常改为	一句串联
now	then / at that time	He said he was busy then.
today	that day	She said she was free that day.
yesterday	the day before	He said he had visited the museum the day before.
tomorrow	the next day / the following day	She said she would hand in the poster the next day.
last week	the week before	They said the match had started the week before.
next month	the next month / the following month	It was reported that the trip would start the next month.
ago（two days ago）	before / earlier	He said he had lost the key two days before.
this / these	that / those	He said that those books were on sale.
here	there	She asked if we could meet there after school.

背诵小技巧：先换人称，再换时态，最后换时间/地点词；不确定时先看主句是不是过去时。

④ 实用语料库（口语 · 写作 · 本讲话题）

口语请求 · 澄清 · 跟进

比单个单词回答更自然，适合对话与听力复述。

Could you tell me where I can charge my phone?
I’m not sure whether I should go first or wait in line.
I wonder how long the meeting will take.
I was wondering if the last bus still runs at 10:30.
Sorry, I didn’t catch what you said just now.

口语观点 · 感受（日常表达）

接 that 从句，语气比 I think 更柔和或更肯定。

I feel that teamwork really matters in a project.
I guess that we’d better start a little earlier.
I’m afraid that I can’t make it tonight.
I don’t think that this idea is practical without more data.
I don’t believe that anyone can finish it in one hour.
To be honest, I doubt whether this plan will work without more practice.

写作开篇 · 观点（议论文/邮件）

放在首段点题，后接 For example / First… 展开。

Many students believe that reading opens a bigger world.
There is no doubt that good habits shape our daily life.
Personally, I believe that balance between study and rest is important.
It is clear that everyone needs a safe environment at school.

写作原因 · 结果 · 建议（主体段）

that 引导说明理由，衔接自然。

The main reason is that we lack enough sleep during exam weeks.
I realized that small steps lead to big progress.
Teachers suggest that we should review notes every weekend.
Parents hope that we can manage screen time by ourselves.

图书馆 · 学习

I hear that Harry Potter is very popular.
We hope that every student has a library card.
The librarian said that I had to return the book on time.
I find that taking notes helps me remember key grammar.
Could you show me how I can search for books on the computer?

礼貌询问 · 出行

Could you tell me whether I need to print the form first?
I don’t know if the volunteers work in shifts.
Please tell me how I can renew the book online.
I’d like to know which gate we should wait at.
Excuse me, could you tell me if this seat is free?

报道口吻 · 通知

It is said that phones must be kept silent at school.
It is believed that short breaks help our eyes.
It was reported that the sports meet would be held next Friday.
It has been announced that the library will close at 6 pm on Fridays.

被动 + 宾从 · 校会 / 志愿

We were told that safety comes first.
Tom was asked whether he could help at the station.
Students were reminded that they should wear helmets when cycling.

写作环保 · 健康 · 科技（八九年级话题）

适合「倡议书 / 演讲稿 / 读后续写」中的价值句。

Scientists believe that cutting down waste starts with daily choices.
We all agree that walking to school is good for our health.
Some people worry that AI tools may make students less independent.
I learned that saving water at home is easier than I thought.

口语结束语 · 礼貌收尾

I really appreciate that you took the time to explain it to me.
I promise that I will double-check the time tomorrow.
Let me know if you need any more information.

⑤ 易错要点：速改清单（10 条）

Could you tell me when does it start? → when it starts
I wonder if is it true. → if it is true
He said if he was tired. → that he was tired
It depends on if we win. → on whether we win
She said she will come. → she would come
I don’t know what he will come. → if/whether he will come
We discussed about whether … → discussed whether …
He told that … → He told me that …（tell 常带宾语）
I don't think he will come tonight, won't he? → will he?（反意疑问随从句命题）
I don’t think he is right, isn’t he? → is he?（同上）

⑥ 测前自检清单

先判断从句缺「事实 / 信息 / 是否」哪一类，再选引导词。
见到 Could you tell me，默认检查陈述语序。
主句过去时，从句谓语是否与「后退表」一致。
谚语、科学事实、地理事实：优先考虑现在时不变。
whether … or not、介词后、不定式前 → 优先 whether。
否定转移：I don't think + 肯定式从句；避免双否（慎用 I don't think … won't …）。
反意疑问：think / believe + 宾从 → 尾巴多问从句命题（如 … is he? / … can't you?）。
辨错题：标出引导词、语序、时态、介词搭配四处。
语篇题：先抓每段首句，再找题干关键词定位。
写作迁移：一句观点 + that 从句展开，比堆砌短句更得分。

⑦ 默写区（英译汉 · 共 6 句）

1. The librarian told me that I had to return the books before Friday.

2. Could you please tell me whether the volunteers need to wear uniforms?

3. It was reported that the school sports meet would be held next week.

4. We were told that phones must be kept silent during self-study.

5. I don’t think that the plan will work without more practice.

6. I don’t think he is right, is he?

⑧ 默写区（汉译英 · 共 6 句）

1. 我认为在图书馆里保持安静很重要。

2. 你能告诉我火车几点开吗？（用陈述语序）

3. 据说春游会因下雨而推迟。（It is said that …）

4. 老师问我们是否已经完成小组海报。（主句过去时）

5. 我认为没有更多练习这个计划行不通。（要求：I don’t think + that + 肯定式从句）

6. 我不认为他是对的，对吗？（要求：I don’t think … + 反意疑问）