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定语从句(Who/Whom) · Relative Clause 01· ESL 语法教学

Choose the right picture according to the description

根据描述选择正确的图片。

Steve Rogers
?
Robert Downey
?

The man is Steve Rogers.

Do you have enough information for you to choose the picture?

He acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers. Can you choose the picture?

请先听描述,再选择图片

The man is Steve Rogers.

Do you have enough information to choose?

He acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers.

Do you have enough information now?

回顾与融合

刚才我们说的两个信息:

The man is Steve Rogers.

He acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers.

问题: Are those two sentences talking about the same person?

当两句话讨论一个相同的人或者事物的时候,我们可以将两句话融合成一句话。

The man who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers is Steve Rogers.

问题: 为什么要这样做?

Group 1

The man is Steve Rogers.

这个男人是Steve Rogers。

He acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers.

他在电影复仇者联盟中扮演美国队长。

Group 2

The man who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers is Steve Rogers.

在电影复仇者联盟中扮演美国队长的男人是Steve Rogers。

问题: Compare the sentence(s) in two groups. How do you feel about them? Which group gives a better understanding to you?

答案: 第二组句子描述的方式更符合我们的表达习惯,它在一句话中给出了关于"那个男人"更多的信息,句子内容关联性更强,显得更有逻辑。

今天的学习内容就是如何写出一个对于人和事物描述更加丰富的句子表达。英语语法上叫做定语从句

中文结构分析

在电影复仇者联盟中扮演美国队长的男人是Steve Rogers。

问题: 现在分析句子结构,句子的主干和修饰成分都有哪些?

在电影复仇者联盟中扮演美国队长的男人Steve Rogers

问题 1: 请先说出这句话的主干是什么?

答案 1:「男人是 Steve Rogers」是句子的主干。

问题 2: 哪一部分在修饰名词「男人」?

答案 2:「在电影《复仇者联盟》中扮演美国队长的」修饰名词「男人」。

问题 3: 这部分是一个词,还是一个分句在起形容词作用?

答案 3:它不是单个词,而是一个完整分句,在句中承担形容词功能。

问题 4: 在中文里,这类修饰分句通常放在被修饰词的前面还是后面?

答案 4:该修饰分句出现在被修饰词前面,这就是中文定语的典型位置。

English Structure Analysis

The man who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers is Steve Rogers.

问题: 现在分析句子结构,句子的主干和修饰成分都有哪些?

The man who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers is Steve Rogers.

问题 1: 请先说出这句话的主干是什么?

答案 1:「The man is Steve Rogers」是句子的主干。

问题 2: 哪一部分在修饰名词「The man」?

答案 2:「who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers」修饰名词「The man」。

问题 3: 这部分是一个词,还是一个分句在起形容词作用?

答案 3:它不是单个词,而是一个完整分句,在句中承担形容词功能。

问题 4: 在英文里,这类修饰分句通常放在被修饰词的前面还是后面?

答案 4:该修饰分句出现在被修饰词后面,这就是英文定语的典型位置。

中文 vs 英文

修饰成分在中文和英文中的不同点?

英文: The man who acts as Captain America in the movie Avengers is Steve Rogers.

中文: 在电影复仇者联盟中扮演美国队长的男人是Steve Rogers

问题 1: 中文喜欢将修饰名词的修饰部分放到哪里?

答案 1: 中文喜欢将修饰名词的修饰部分放在前面。

问题 2: 英文喜欢将修饰名词的修饰部分放到哪里?

答案 2: 英文喜欢将修饰名词的修饰部分放在后面。

总结: 中文和英文中最大的不同点是语序的不同。

中文喜欢将修饰

英文喜欢将修饰

融合句子的步骤

我们用两个简单句描述图片:

Father waiting at school gate for child

动态展示区域

1. The man is my father.

2. The man is waiting at the gate.

Step 1: Identify the common noun (antecedent 先行词)

请先在两句话中找出共同名词(先行词)。

Both sentences refer to "the man," which becomes the antecedent.

Step 2: Determine the main idea

哪一句是主句信息?哪一句是补充信息?

The core information is "The man is my father." The second sentence ("is waiting at the gate") is supplementary.

Step 3: Start writing with core information till the end of the antecedent

写作时应该先从哪里开始?

Begin with: The man ...

Step 4: Embed the sentence with the supplementary information

补充信息应该放在先行词的哪里?

Place the secondary clause after the antecedent:

Step 5: Complete the rest of the core sentence

抄写主句中剩余的内容。

The man the man is waiting at the gate is my father.

Step 6: Is there anything weird in the sentence?

句子中有没有奇怪的地方?

The sentence sounds strange because "the man" is repeated. We need to fix the repetition.

Step 7: Replace the repeated noun with a relative pronoun

用关系代词替换重复出现的名词。

Use who (for people as the subject in the clause):

这个句子叫做? — 定语从句 (Relative Clause / Attributive Clause)

学生练习

根据图片与句子,将两句话融合成一个带有定语从句的句子。

Girl sitting on bench

1. The girl is my sister.

2. She is sitting on the bench.

问题: 将两句话融合成一个带有定语从句的句子。

Step 1: Identify the common noun (antecedent 先行词)

请先在两句话中找出共同名词(先行词)。

Step 2: Determine the main idea

哪一句是主句信息?哪一句是补充信息?

Step 3: Start writing with core information till the end of the antecedent

写作时应该先从哪里开始?

Step 4: Embed the sentence with the supplementary information

补充信息应该放在先行词的哪里?

Step 5: Complete the rest of the core sentence

抄写主句中剩余的内容。

Step 6: Is there anything weird in the sentence?

句子中有没有奇怪的地方?

Step 7: Replace the repeated noun with a relative pronoun

用关系代词替换重复出现的名词。

Use who (for people as the subject in the clause):

→ The girl who is sitting on the bench is my sister.

融合句子的步骤(whom 例句)

我们用两个简单句:

Student feeling sick, teacher caring for him

动态展示区域

1. The student is feeling sick.

2. The teacher likes him very much.

Step 1: Identify the common noun (antecedent 先行词)

请先在两句话中找出共同名词(先行词)。

Both sentences refer to "the student." "Him" refers to the student. The antecedent is "the student."

Step 2: Determine the main idea

哪一句是主句信息?哪一句是补充信息?

The core is "The student is feeling sick." The second sentence ("the teacher likes him very much") is supplementary.

Step 3: Start writing with core information till the end of the antecedent

写作时应该先从哪里开始?

Begin with: The student ...

Step 4: Embed the sentence with the supplementary information

补充信息应该放在先行词的哪里?

Place the secondary clause after the antecedent.

Step 5: Complete the rest of the core sentence

抄写主句中剩余的内容。

The student the teacher likes him very much is feeling sick.

Step 6: Is there anything weird in the sentence?

句子中有没有奇怪的地方?

"Him" refers to the same person as "the student" and is redundant. We need to replace it with a relative pronoun (whom).

Step 7: Replace the repeated noun with a relative pronoun

用关系代词替换重复出现的名词。

Use whom (for people as the object in the clause):

Step 8: Notice the position of WHOM

Make sure WHOM follows the antecedent immediately.

关系代词 whom 须紧接在先行词 the student 之后。

这个句子叫做? — 定语从句 (Relative Clause / Attributive Clause)

学生练习

根据句子,将两句话融合成一个带有定语从句的句子。

Experienced teacher, we met the teacher yesterday

1. The teacher is very experienced.

2. We met the teacher yesterday.

问题: 将两句话融合成一个带有定语从句的句子。

Step 1: Identify the common noun (antecedent 先行词)

请先在两句话中找出共同名词(先行词)。

Step 2: Determine the main idea

哪一句是主句信息?哪一句是补充信息?

Step 3: Start writing with core information till the end of the antecedent

写作时应该先从哪里开始?

Step 4: Embed the sentence with the supplementary information

补充信息应该放在先行词的哪里?

Step 5: Complete the rest of the core sentence

抄写主句中剩余的内容。

Step 6: Is there anything weird in the sentence?

句子中有没有奇怪的地方?

Step 7: Replace the repeated noun with a relative pronoun

用关系代词替换重复出现的名词。

Use whom (for people as the object in the clause):

Step 8: Notice the position of WHOM

Make sure WHOM follows the antecedent immediately.

→ The teacher whom we met yesterday is very experienced.

关系代词 whom 须紧接在先行词 the teacher 之后。